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File Section (Cont.) Linage-Counter The reserved word LINAGE-COUNTER is a name for a special register generated by the presence of a LINAGE clause in a file description entry for a record sequential file. The implicit description is that of an unsigned integer whose size is equal to integer-1 or the data item referenced by data-name-1 in the LINAGE clause. The LINAGE Clause Function. The LINAGE clause allows the user to specify the depth of a logical page in terms of number of lines. The user can also specify the size of the top and bottom margins on the logical page, and the line number, within the page body, at which the footing area begins. It can be specified only for files with record sequential organization. General Format.Syntax Rules. 1. Data-name-1, data-name-2, data-name-3 and data-name-4 must reference elementary unsigned numeric integer data items. 2. The value of integer-1 must be greater than zero. 3. The value of integer-2 must not be greater than integer-1. 4. The value of integer-3 and integer-4 can be zero. General Rules. 1. The LINAGE clause allows the user to specify the size of a logical page in terms of number of lines. The logical page size is the sum of the values referenced by each phrase except the FOOTING phrase. If the FOOTINGphrase is not specified, the values for these functions are zero and no end-of-page condition independent of the page overflow condition exists. There is not necessarily any relationship between the size of the logical page and the size of a physical page. 2. The value of integer-1 or the data item referenced by data-name-1 specifies the number of lines that can be written and/or spaced on the logical page. The value must be greater than zero. That part of the logical page in which these linesan be written and/or spaced is called the page body. 3. The value of integer-2 or the data item referenced by data-name-2 specifies the line number within the page body at which the footing area begins. The value must be greater than zero and not greater than the value of integer-1 or the data item referenced by data-name-1. The footing area comprises the area of the logical page between the line represented by the value of integer-2 of the data item referenced by data-name-2, and the line represented by the value of integer-1 or the data item referenced by data-name-1, inclusive. 4. The value of integer-3 or the data item referenced by data-name-3 specifies the number of lines that comprise the top margin on the logical page. The value can be zero. The value of integer-4 or the data item referenced by data-name-4 specifies the number of lines that comprise the bottom margin on the logical page. The value can be zero. 5. The value of integer-1, integer-3, and integer-4, if specified, will be used at the time the file is opened by the execution of an OPEN statement with the OUTPUT phrase, to specify the number of lines that comprise each of the indicated sections of a logical page. The value of integer-2, if specified, will be used at that time to define the footing area. These values are used for all logical pages written for the file during a given execution of the program. 6. The values of the data items referenced by data-name-1, data-name-3, and data-name-4, if specified at the time an open statement with the OUTPUT phrase is executed for the file, will be used to specify the number of lines that are to comprise each of the indicated sections for the first logical page. The value of the data item referenced by data-name-2, if specified, will be used at the time an OPEN statement with the OUTPUT phrase is executed for the file to define the footing area for the first logical page. 7. A LINAGE-COUNTER is generated by the presence of a LINAGE clause. The value in the LINAGE-COUNTERat any one time represents the line number at which the device is positioned within the current page body. The rules governing the LINAGE-COUNTER are as follows: a. A separate LINAGE-COUNTER is supplied for each file described in the File Section whose file description entry contains a LINAGE clause. b. LINAGE-COUNTER can be referenced, but can not be modified, by PROCEDURE DIVISION statements. Since more than one LINAGE-COUNTER can exist in a program, the user must qualify LINAGE-COUNTER by file-name when necessary. 8. Each logical page is contiguous to the next with no additional spacing provided. 9. The values of the data items, at the time a WRITE statement with the ADVANCING PAGE phrase is executed or page overflow condition occurs (see the section The WRITE Statement later in this chapter), will be used to specify the number of lines that are to comprise each of the indicated sections for the next logical page. 10. The value of the data item referenced by data-name-2, if specified, will be used at the time a WRITE statement with the ADVANCING PAGE phrase is executed or a page overflow condition occurs, to define the footing area for the next logical page. 11. LINAGE-COUNTER is automatically modified, according to the following rules, during the execution of a WRITE statement to an associated file: * When the ADVANCING PAGE phrase of the WRITE statement is specified, the LINAGE-COUNTER is automatically reset to one. * When the ADVANCING identifier-2 or integer phrase of the WRITE statement is specified, the LINAGE-COUNTER is incremented by integer or the value of the data item referenced by identifier-2. * When the ADVANCING phrase of the WRITE statement is not specified, the LINAGE-COUNTER is incremented by the value one. (See the section The WRITE Statement later in this chapter.) * The value of LINAGE-COUNTERis automatically reset to one when the device is repositioned to the first line that can be written on for each of the succeeding logical pages. (See the section The WRITE Statement later in this chapter.) 12. The value of LINAGE-COUNTER is automatically set to one when an OPEN statement is executed for the associated file. The OCCURS Clause Function. The OCCURS clause eliminates the need for separate entries for repeated data items and supplies information required for the application of subscripts or indices. General Formats. Format 1.Format 2.Directives. 1. In addition to system directives which provide flagging and modify the reserved word list, the following directives may impact either the syntax or semantics described in this section. See your COBOL System Reference For details. * ODOOSVS - requests OS/VS COBOL compatible processing of the OCCURS DEPENDING ON clause. * ODOSLIDE - controls the processing of nested OCCURS DEPENDING ON clauses and fixed data following an OCCURS DEPENDING ON clause. Syntax Rules. 1. Where both integer-1 and integer-2 are used, integer-1 must be greater than, or equal to (ANS85)(OSVS), zero and integer-2 must be greater than or equal to (OSVS)integer-1. For OSVS, VSC2 and MF only: In Format 2, if "integer-1 TO" is omitted, the default value one is assumed. 2. The data description of data-name-1 must describe a positive integer. 3. Data-name-1, data-name-2, data-name-3,...can be qualified. 4. Data-name-2 must be either the name of the entry containing the OCCURS clause or the name of an entry subordinate to the entry containing the OCCURS clause. 5. Data-name-3, and so on, must be the name of an entry subordinate to the group item which is the subject of this entry. 6. An INDEXED BYphrase is required if the subject of this entry, or an entry subordinate to this entry, is to be referred to by indexing, unless it is to be indexed by an index defined for another table (see the section Indexing in the chapter Concepts of the COBOL Language). (OSVS and VSC2) The index-name identified by this clause is not defined elsewhere, and not being data, cannot be associated with any data hierarchy. 7. A data description entry that contains Format 2 of the OCCURSclause should only be followed, within that record description, by data description entries which are subordinate to it. For OSVS and VSC2 only: A data description entry that contains Format 2 of the OCCURS clause can be followed, within that record description, by data description entries which are not subordinate to it. The positions of these entries within the record will vary at run time with the value of the data item referenced in the DEPENDING ON clause For OSVS, MF and VSC2 only: unless the NOODOSLIDE system directive is set. In this case, the containing record is considered as always containing the maximum number of occurrences of the Format 2 item, irrespective of the value of data-name-1. If the ODOSLIDE directiveis, For OSVS and VSC2 only: when the value of data-name-1 is changed, the position referenced by identifiers following, but not subordinate to, the table is changed. The data these items contain can be lost. 8. The OCCURS clause cannot be specified in a data description entry that: a. has 66or 88level-number b. describes an item whose size is variable. The size of an item is variable if the data description of any subordinate item contains Format 2 of the OCCURS clause. For OSVS and VSC2 only: An OCCURS clause can be specified for a data description subordinate to another item with a Format 2 OCCURS clause. 9. The OCCURS clause should not be specified in a data description entry at the 01level or as a 77level-number. For MF only: This restriction is removed. 10. In Format 2, the data item defined by data-name-1 must not occupy a character position within the range of the first character position defined by the data description entry containing the OCCURS clause and the last character position defined by the record description entry containing that OCCURS clause. If the ODOSLIDE system directive is set, data-name-1 must have a fixed location. 11. If data-name-2 is not the subject of this entry, then: a. all of the items identified by the data-names in the KEY IS phrase must be within the group item which is the subject of this entry b. items identified by the data-name in the KEY IS phrase must not contain an OCCURS clause c. there must not be any entry that contains an OCCURS clause between the items identified by the data-names in the KEY ISphrase and the subject of this entry. 12. Index-name-1, index-name-2,...must be unique words within the program. For OSVS only: Index-name-1, index-name-2,...need not be unique and can be qualified by the data-name which is the subject of this entry. 13. For OSVS, MF and VSC2 only: The OCCURSclause can be specified for external or internal floating-point data items. General Rules. 1. The OCCURS clause is used in defining tablesand other homogenous sets of repeated data items. Whenever the OCCURS clause is used, the data-name which is the subject of this entry must be either subscripted or indexed whenever it is referred to in a statement other than SEARCH , SORT (MF), or USE FOR DEBUGGING. Further, if the subject of this entry is the name of a group item, then all data-names belonging to the group must be subscripted or indexed whenever they are used as operands, except as the object of a REDEFINES clause. (See the sections Subscripting, Indexing and Identifier in the chapter Concepts of the COBOL Language.) 2. Except for the OCCURS clause itself, all data description clauses associated with an item whose description includes an OCCURS clause apply to each occurrence of the item described. (See the restriction in general rule 20 under Data Description Entries Other Than Condition-Names (and Constant-Names) (MF).) 3. Data-name-1 must have a fixed location, and must not follow an item that contains an OCCURS DEPENDING ON clause. 4. The numberof occurrencesof the subject entry is defined as follows: a. In Format 1, the value of integer-2 represents the exact number of occurrences. b. In Format 2, the current value of the data item referenced by data-name-1 represents the number of occurrences. This format specifies that the subject of this entry has a variable number of occurrences. The value of integer-2 represents the maximum number of occurrences and the value of integer-1 represents the minimum number of occurrences. This does not imply that the length of the subject of the entry is variable, but that the number of occurrences is variable. The value of the data item referenced by data-name-1 must fall within the range of integer-1 through integer-2. Reducing the value of this data item makes the contents of data items, whose occurrence numbers now exceed the value of the data item referenced by data-name-1, unpredictable. 5. For ANS85 only: When a group item, having subordinate to it an entry that specifies Format 2 of the OCCURSclause, is referenced, the part of the table areaused in the operation is determined as follows : a. If the data item referenced by data-name-1 is outside the group, only that part of the table area that is specified by the value of the data item referenced by data-name-1 at the start of the operation will be used. b. If the data item referenced by data-name-1 is included in the same group and the group data item is referenced as a sending item, only that part of the table area that is specified by the value of the data item referenced by data-name-1 at the start of the operation will be used in the operation. If the group is a receiving item, the maximum length of the group will be used. 6. The KEY IS phrase is used to indicate that the repeated data is arranged in ascendingor descending order according to the values contained in data-name-2, data-name-3, and so on. The ascending or descending order is determined according to the rules for comparison of operands (see the sections Comparison of Numeric Operands and Comparison of Nonnumeric Operands). The data-names are listed in their descending order of significance. The PICTURE Clause Function. The PICTURE clause describes the general characteristics and editing requirements of an elementary item. General Format.Syntax Rules. 1. A PICTUREclause can be specified only at the elementary item level. 2. A character-string consists of certain allowable combinations of characters in the COBOL character set used as symbols. The allowable combinations determine the category of the elementary item. 3. The maximum number of characters allowed in the character- string is 30. 4. The PICTURE clause must be specified for every elementary item except an index data item pointer (VSC2)(MF) or internal floating-point data item (OSVS)(VSC2)(MF) or the subject of a RENAMES clause, in which case use of this clause is prohibited. 5. PIC is an abbreviation for PICTURE. 6. The asterisk when used as the zero suppression symbol and the clause BLANK WHEN ZERO should not appear in the same entry. For OSVS only: This construct is, however, permitted, in which case zero suppression overrides the BLANK WHEN ZERO clause. 7. An integer in parentheses following a character indicates that the character is repeated the number of times shown by the integer. General Rules. There are six categories of data that can be described with a PICTURE clause: alphabetic, numeric, alphanumeric, alphanumeric edited, numeric edited, and external floating-point (OSVS)(VSC2)(MF). General rules within these categories are given below: Alphabetic Data Rules. 1. Its PICTURE character-string can only contain the symbols "A" and "B". For ANS85 only: Its PICTURE character-string can contain only the symbol "A". 2. Its contents when represented in standard data format must be one or more alphabetic characters. Numeric Data Rules. 1. Its PICTURE character-string can contain only the symbols "9", "P", "S", and "V". The number of digit positions that can be described by the PICTURE character-string must range from 1 to 18 inclusive. 2. If unsigned, the data in standard data format must be a combination of the Arabic numerals "0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", and "9" ; if signed, the item can also contain a "+", "-", or other representation of an operational sign. (See the section The SIGN Clause later in this chapter.) Numeric Data can also be held in formats other than standard data format (see the section The USAGE Clause later in this chapter and the section Selection Of Character Representation And Radix in the chapter Concepts of the COBOL Language). Alphanumeric Data Rules. 1. Its PICTURE character-string is restricted to certain combinations of the symbols "A", "X", "9" , and the item is treated as if the character-string contained all X "s. A PICTURE character-string which contains all A"s or all 9"s does not define an alphanumeric item. 2. Its contents when represented in standard data format can consist of any characters in the computer's character set. Alphanumeric Edited Data Rules. 1. Its PICTURE character-string is restricted to certain combinations of the following symbols: "A", "X", "9", "B", "0", and "/" as follows: a. The character-string must contain at least one "B" and at least one "X" or at least one "0" (zero) and at least one "X" or at least one "/" (slash) and at least one "X", or: b. The character-string must contain at least one "0" (zero) and at least one "A" or at least one "/" (slant) and at least one "A". 2. Its contents when represented in standard data format can consist of any characters in the computer's set. Numeric Edited Data Rules. 1. Its PICTURE character-string is restricted to certain combinations of the symbols "B", "/", "P", "V" , "Z", "0", "9", ",", "." , "*", "+", "-", "CR", "DB", and the currency symbol. The allowable combinations are determined from the order of precedence of symbols and the editing rules as follows: a. The number of digit positions that can be represented in the PICTURE character-string must range from 1 to 18 inclusive. b. The character-string must contain at least one "0" , "B", "/", "Z", "*", "+", ",", ".", "-", "CR" , "DB", or currency symbol. 2. The contents of the character positions represent a digit must be one of the numerals. 3. If all numeric edited character positions in the PICTURE character-string are represented by an insertion character, at least one of the insertion characters must be positioned to the left of the decimal point. For OSVS, VSC2 and MF only: External Floating-point Data Items. 1. The PICTURE string must have the following form:A sign character must immediately precede both the mantissa and the exponent. A "+ " sign indicates that a positive sign will be used in the output to represent positive values and that a negative sign will represent negative values. A "- "sign indicates that a blank will be used in the output to represent positive values and that a negative sign will represent negative values. Each sign position occupies one byte of storage. mantissa The mantissa can contain the symbols: 9 . V An actual decimal point can be represented with a period while an assumed decimal point is represented by a V. Either an actual or an assumed decimal point must be present in the mantissa; the decimal point can be leading, embedded or trailing. The mantissa can contain from 1 to 16 numeric characters. E Indicates the exponent. exponent The exponent must be a PIC "99". 2. The OCCURS, REDEFINES and RENAMES clauses can be associated with external floating-point items. 3. The SIGN clause is documentary only and has no effect on the representation of the sign. 4. The SYNCHRONIZED clause is documentary only. 5. The following clauses are invalid with external floating-point items: BLANK WHEN ZERO JUSTIFIED VALUE
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