HP 3000 Manuals HP 3000 Manuals
GLOSSARY Acknowledgement Notifies users when their message is transmitted or delivered (depending on the type of acknowledgement set). X.400 users can set acknowledgements on messages sent to other networks. ACSE Association Control Service Element. The service element in the OSI Application layer responsible for association establishment and release. ACSE/Presentation See A/P. ACSE/Presentation and ROSE Interface See APRI. Adjacent MTA Mnemonic Name Unique name that identifies the adjacent MTA. This MTA is always referenced by its Mnemonic name. ADMD Administration Domain Name. The name of a group of Message Transfer Agents (MTAs) that provide communication services for the general public. In Europe these services are provided by PTTs resulting in one administration domain per country, while in the USA there are multiple administration domains. AE Application entity. AE qualifier Application entity qualifier. AE Title Application entity title. A unique name identifying an OSI service such as FTAM. The AE title consists of two parts, the AP-title and the AE-qualifier. AFI Authority format identifier. The first part of the IDP definition of an NSAP. See IDP. Aided Addressing Prompts an HP Desk user to enter the attributes needed to build an X.400 address. When all of the attributes have been given, aided addressing automatically generates an explicit X.400 address using the information given. A/P ACSE/Presentation. Hewlett-Packard's implementation of the OSI services provided by ACSE/Presentation. Application Layer Layer 7 of the OSI model. The user interface to network services and applications that provides services to directly support users. It determines the appearance of the user interface. APRI ACSE/Presentation and ROSE Interface. Hewlett-Packard's implementation of the OSI services provided by ACSE, Presentation, and ROSE. ARPA See DARPA. AP-title Application process title. ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation One. The OSI description language used to define data types. Abstract syntax describes data types independent of the underlying system used. Association Control Service Element See ACSE. Attributes The components that make up an X.400 address. For example, surname and organization name. authority format identifier See AFI. BCD Binary coded decimal. Berkeley Software Distribution See BSD. BSD Berkeley Software Distribution. A set of networking protocols developed primarily for user with the UNIX operating system. The Berkeley protocols are often used on the same network with ARPA. CCITT International Consultative Committee on Telephone and Telegraph. A division of the U.N. International Telecommunications Union that coordinates standards-setting activities. CLNS Connectionless network service. The Layer 3 network layer that provides datagrams to transmit data. CMIP Common Management Information Protocol. The OSI network management protocol. CMISE Common Management Information Service Element. The OSI application layer service element for network management. Common Management Information Protocol See CMIP. Common Management Information Service Element See CMISE. Configuration A process used to set up information describing how X.400 interacts with the surrounding networks. The configuration procedures allow users to enter values of their choice, enabling them to tailor the system to a certain extent to suit their existing network. conformance Adherence to a product specification. Conformance, along with interoperability, defines a characteristic of an OSI-compatible product. connection oriented network service See CONS. connectionless network service See CLNS. CONS Connection oriented network service. The Layer 3 network layer that provides end-to-end connection (virtual circuit) to transmit data. Contents The actual information that is delivered to the recipient of a message. Corporation for Open Systems See COS. COS Corporation for Open Systems. A non-profit, multinational consortium of computer users and vendors whose primary mission is to provide test procedures for conformance to OSI. Country Code A two-character alphabetic or three-character numeric code that identifies the country in which a network is located. See Appendix E for a list of alphabetic codes. DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. A branch of the Department of Defense (U.S.) that developed a set of networking protocols widely used in engineering and manufacturing. Data Link Layer Layer 2 of the OSI model. The Data Link Layer establishes rules for transmission of data over the physical medium. Decoder A decoder reads ASN.1 PDUs from the Output Queues, decodes them into Interchange Format Files, and writes them to the corresponding Decoder Output Queue. de facto standard A networking standard whose wide use makes it an unofficial industry standard. Directory A repository of information about objects. The Directory provides directory services to its users. Directory services allow access to the information. DIS See draft international standard. Document Conversion Document conversion is performed on X.400 using the HP Desk connection and the HP X.400/HP Desk Node. The HP X.400/HP Desk Node converts messages to Roman8 ASCII and X.400 using the HP Desk connection converts the Roman8 ASCII messages to IA5 or ISO6937 text before passing them to the X.400 network. Domain A subset of the MHS. It may consist of one or more MTAs and zero or more UAs controlled by the same authority. Domain Defined Attribute An attribute of an X.400 address. Typically contains domain-specific addressing information. It is made up of a type and value. Up to four DDAs can be specified in an X.400 address. DP See draft proposal. draft international standard The second stage of the process by which ISO develops standards. A standard at this stage is complete and stable. draft proposal The first stage in the development of ISO standards. The developers believe the standard is technically stable. ECMA European Computer Manufacturers Association. EDI Electronic data interchange. An emerging Application Layer standard for the electronic exchange of business data. electronic data interchange See EDI. Encoder An encoder reads Interchange Format Files from Encoder Input Queues, encodes them into ASN.1 PDUs, and writes them to the Input Queue. Envelope Contains all the information needed to deliver a message. That is, the address of each recipient, the priority of the message, how the message should be delivered and the arrival time of the message at the Message Transfer Agent (MTA). Error Entry An exceptional condition which occurs in one of the modules or submodules of X.400. It contains a PID, time stamp, and an Error History. Error History A set of messages resulting from some error or set of errors. ES End system. Event Log A collection of text files containing messages from the components of X.400. This logging facility is optional and must be enabled in order to log events. EWOS European Workshop on Open Systems. Explicit X.400 Addressing Addressing X.400 users using their full explicit address, rather than using aided addressing, or a form of HP Desk addressing that requires the X.400 user to be configured in the HP Desk Global database. FDDI Fiber distributed data interface. A standard for a local area network that uses fiber optics and operates at 100 Mbps. fiber distributed data interface See FDDI. file transfer, access and management See FTAM. FSC Foreign Service Connection. A gateway attached to an HP Desk network, which allows the exchange of messages between HP Desk and office systems such as IBM's PROFS and DISOSS systems. X.400 users can access FSC gateways through HP Desk. FTAM File transfer, access and management. An Application Layer standard that enables users to transfer and access files within a multivendor network. functional standard See implementors' agreement. Generational Qualifier Part of the personal attribute of an X.400 address. Defines the generation of the user. For example, Sr., Jr., or III. Given Name Part of the personal name attribute of an X.400 address. Typically, the first name of a user. Global Database Holds a directory of HP Desk users and their mail addresses. Any frequently addressed X.400 users can be added to the Global database enabling HP Desk users to address them using a normal HP Desk address instead of an explicit X.400 address. GOSIP Government OSI Profile. Hops The number of machines that a message passes through to reach its destination. HP Desk Administrator The person responsible for the configuration and day-to-day running of the HP X.400/HP Desk Node. HP Desk Nodal Intrinsics Nodal intrinsics enable the HP X.400/HP Desk Node to access mailing and other services of HP Desk. HP X.400/HP Desk Node A component of HP X.400. It sends messages from HP Desk users to X.400 for delivery to X.400 users. The HP X.400/HP Desk Node also delivers messages from X.400 to HP Desk recipients. These messages are passed to X.400 by X.400 users IA5 Text International Alphabet Number 5. A seven bit character set. Messages sent to an X.400 network might be converted to this text format by X.400. IDI Initial domain identifier. The second part of the initial domain part (IDP) definition of an NSAP. See also IDP. IDP Initial domain part. The IDP part of an NSAP identifies which national or international group has defined the NSAP format for a given NSAP. It is partitioned into two parts, the authority format identifier (AFI) and the initial domain identifier (IDI). IDP spaces are managed by organizations such as AFNOR, ANSI and NIST. IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE 802 A series of standards for local area networking developed by IEEE. IEEE 802.3 The Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers standard for broadbase local area networks. implementors agreement An accord reached by computer users and vendors on how they implement a networking standard so that their products can communicate. Also known as functional standard or standard profiles. initial domain identifier See IDI. initial domain part See IDP. Initials Part of the personal name attribute of an X.400 address. Typically, a combination of the first letters of the given name and surname. Integrated Services Digital Network See ISDN. International Consultative Committee on Telephone and Telegraph See CCITT. international standard A networking standard that has been approved by ISO or CCITT. interoperability The ability of different vendors' products to communicate along a network. Interoperability, along with conformance, is a requirement of an OSI product. IPM InterPersonal Messaging. A content format specified in the 1984 CCITT X.400 recommendations. The IPM format is used for electronic mail and is made up of an IPM heading and IPM body. The heading contains information such as the name and address of the recipients, while the body contains the text of the message and an indication of the text format used. IS See international standard. ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network. A developing standard whose goal is to permit the integration of data networks with telephone communications and other services (e.g., video) by means of digital technology. IS-IS Protocol Intermediate system to intermediate system protocol. An evolving ISO protocol standard to provide automatic routing between intermediate systems. ISO International Standard Organization. The international body that is coordinating the effort to establish OSI standards for multivendor networking. ISO6937 Text An eight bit character set that includes accented characters. Messages sent to an X.400 network might be converted to this text format by X.400. LAN Local area network. A data communications network of limited size within a building, group of buildings, or campus. Links A route or connection between adjacent MTAs. A link allows the routing compiler to generate an alternate route between MTAs. local area network See LAN. Manufacturing Automation Protocol See MAP. Manufacturing Messaging Service See MMS. MAP Manufacturing Automation Protocol. A subset of OSI standards that specifies networking protocols for manufacturing. MHE The Message Handling Environment. The MHE consists of users and the MHS. MHS A Message Handling System. The MHS is made up of User Agents (UAs) and the Message Transfer System (MTS). migration The non-disruptive replacement of proprietary networks with standards-based networks. MMS Manufacturing Messaging Service. A networking standard that defines methods for the provision of specific applications for manufacturing. MTA A Message Transfer Agent. The MTA is responsible for generating envelopes and passing messages through the network to the recipient. The MTA can have any number of User Agents (UAs) associated with it, and is usually a node in a store and forward network. MTS A Message Transfer System. The MTS contains one or more Message Transfer Agents (MTAs). The MTS provides the delivery service for messages. multivendor networking The linking of hardware, software, computers, and peripherals made by different vendors into a single communications network. National Institute of Standards and Technology See NIST. NBS See NIST. network A combination of hardware and software that allows the transfer of data, both locally and over great distances, between two or more systems. Network Administrator The person responsible for the configuration and day-to-day running of X.400. Network Layer Layer 3 of the OSI model. The Network Layer governs the routing and switching of data among networks. NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly NBS). Runs implementors' workshops that develop agreements among vendors on which subsets of standards are implemented. Non-deliverable Message A message which contains a recipient O/R address that does not match to a route. Non-delivery Report A report generated by the local MTA and sent to the originator of a non-deliverable message. NSAP Network service access point. Object Identifier A unique number that identifies a file type. The number is hierarchical and each level is separated by a period (``.''). An example of an object identifier is 1.2.1.3, where the first 1 represents CCITT-ISO, the 2 represents ANSI (American National Standards Institute), the second 1 represents the number ANSI assigns to HP, and the 3 represents the number HP assigns to NewWave packages. ODA Office Document Architecture. A developing standard that enables text, graphics, and facsimile, in different document formats, to be moved over a multivendor network. O/R Address Originator/Recipient Address. The O/R address is a descriptive name for a User Agent (UA). Its characteristics help the MTS locate where the UA is attached to an MTA, or in which domain the UA is located. An example of one set of characteristics are: the country name, management domain name, organization name, and personal name. An O/R address can be used as an O/R name. O/R Name Originator/Recipient Name. The O/R name is a descriptive name for each recipient of a message using information commonly known about the user. Every User Agent in a management domain must have at least one name. Not all O/R names can be used as an O/R address. Organization Name An attribute of an X.400 address. Name of the organization. Organization Unit Name An attribute of an X.400 address. Names of specific units within an organization. It can be used as the UNIX address if the DDAs are not defined. Up to four units can be specified in an X.400 address. Originator A person or a computer application that sends a message via the Message Handling System (MHS). OSI Open Systems Interconnection. The name used to describe a set of data communications standards which have been agreed upon at an international level by national standards bodies. OSI Reference Model A modular, seven-layer construct that specifies how data travels among systems of a multivendor network, as well as within a single system. Output Queue Name of the HP-UX directory in which messages for the adjacent MTA, Sendmail connection, OpenMail connection, or HP X.400/HP Desk Node are placed by the local MTA. P1 A message transfer protocol observed between two Message Transfer Agents (MTAs). P2 An InterPersonal Message (IPM) protocol observed between two User Agents (UAs). P3 A submission and delivery protocol observed between a Message Transfer Agent (MTA) and a remote User Agent (UA). Currently, the MTA is on the same system as the UA, so this protocol is not used. Personal Name The first attribute in an X.400 address that typically is the name of a user. It is made up of the surname, given name, initials, and generational qualifier. Physical Layer Layer 1 of the OSI model. The Physical layer enables the sending and receiving of bits between nodes on a network. Presentation Address An address made up of a P-selector, S-selector, and T-selector (presentation, session, and transport selectors) and one or more NSAPs. Optionally, it can include the application entity (AE) title which is a unique name identifying an OSI service such as FTAM. Presentation Layer Layer 6 of the OSI model. The Presentation Layer is where data are put into usable form. PRMD Private Domain Name. The name of a group of Message Transfer Agents (MTAs) that are owned and managed by a private organization. proprietary networking Networking that uses the products and protocols of a single vendor. protocol A formalized set of rules by which computers communicate. PTT The Postal, Telegraph and Telephone authority for a country. Recipient A person or a computer application that receives a message from a Message Handling System (MHS). Remote Operations Service Element See ROSE. ROSE Remote Operations Service Element. The OSI application service element that manages request/reply interactions. Route The path that a message takes through a network to reach its destination. Routing Algorithm The routing algorithm determines the path a message follows through the MTS for a particular recipient. Routing Rules A list of rules used by X.400 to route messages. These rules are configured by the Network Administrator on X.400, and can be simple or complex depending on the size of the network. Routing Table The routing table contains route information for X.400. It consists of a set of configured routes, such that a destination (adjacent MTA) can be determined for every recipient within a message that arrives. RTS Reliable Transfer Service. A protocol used between the session layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. RTS provides file transfer between Message Transfer Agents (MTAs). SAP Service access point. A SAP is a pipe between two OSI layers such that an entity at layer n + 1 can obtain a set of services from layer n. Selector A sequence of octets (bytes) used to identify a SAP. service access point See SAP. Session Layer Layer 5 of the OSI model. The Session Layer permits the setup of a communications path along a network and manages the coordination between processes. SNA Systems Network Architecture. IBM's proprietary networking formats, protocols, and procedures that are also a de facto networking standard. SPAG Standards Promotion and Applications Group. A group that is based in Europe and works with COS on the development and promotion of conformance tests procedures for OSI products. SSAP Session Service Access Point. Identifies the X.400 MHS on the local system. Combined with the TSAP, the resulting values should be unique on the local system. SSAP is used synonymously with S-selector. S-selector Session Selector. Used synonymously with SSAP. standard profiles See implementors' agreement. Store and Forward A process where messages received at an MTA are held at that MTA until the next adjacent MTA is determined. The messages are then forwarded to the adjacent MTA. Surname Part of the personal name attribute of an X.400 address. Typically, the last name of a user. TCP Transmission control protocol. A network protocol that establishes and maintains connections between nodes. TCP is the transport protocol used in ARPA networks. Internet protocol (IP) addresses are used to identify systems in an ARPA network. Telematic Terminal Identifier An attribute of an X.400 address. The identifier for a telematic terminal such as telex or teletex answerback. TOP Technical/Office Protocol. TOP is similar to the MAP set of protocols but designed for office and engineering networking applications. Trace Entry A list of function call entry and exit points. Trace entries can be used to track the flow of a function within a component, to debug, and to check performance analysis. Transport Class A protocol used between layer 4 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model (the Transport Layer). X.400 uses transport class 0, 2 and 4. Transport Layer Layer 4 of the OSI model. The Transport Layer provides end-to-end data integrity between processes. TQ Trace Queue. An archive of all MHS messages that pass through the MTA. The Trace Queue must be enabled to begin archiving. TSAP Transport Service Access Point. Identifies the X.400 MHS on the local system. Combined with the SSAP, the resulting value should be unique on the local system. TSAP is used synonymously with T-selector. T-selector Transport Selector. Used synonymously with TSAP. UA User Agent. The interface between the user and the Message Handling System (MHS). The User Agent allows the user to create, send, and receive messages. UK GOSIP United Kingdom government OSI profile. The United Kingdom defined set of OSI standards which includes a specific NSAP format. Unique UA Identifier An attribute of an X.400 address. A unique number that might be given to an X.400 user. UQ Undelivery Queue. An archive of messages that cannot be parsed by the MTA. US GOSIP United States government OSI profile. A set of OSI specifications that the U.S. Government is using for its network procurement. UTC Coordinated Universal Time. UTC time format is defined by the CCITT recommendation X.409. It is a string of either ten digits (YYMMDDhhmm) or twelve digits (YYMMDDhhmmss) followed by either the letter Z (to represent Greenwich mean time) or an offset (+hhmm or -hhmm to represent local time). YY is the two low-order digits of the year, MM is the month, DD is the day, hh is the hour, mm is the minute, and ss is the second. To represent a UTC time of noon on January 2, 1982, use 8201021200Z. To represent the local time of 7 AM on January 2, 1982 in New York City, use 8201020700-0500. WAN Wide area network. A network that covers a large area. It can be as large as the entire world. wide area network See WAN. X.121 Address An attribute of an X.400 address. An international numeric address of the user. X.25 An international networking standard, developed by the CCITT, for the connection of computer equipment to packet switching networks. X.400 CCITT standard for electronic message handling systems (e.g., electronic mail) in multivendor environments. x4xfer A component of X.400 using the HP Desk connection that handles remote communications to all local HP X.400/HP Desk Nodes. x4xfer transfers IFFs from a client node's Decoder Output Queue to the client. X.500 Directory Services An international OSI standard for distributed directory services for multivendor OSI environments. Directory Services refer to any service which stores information about people or things in the world. The most common example of a directory service is the phone book produced by a telephone company.